Literacy
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                             History                               The Computing System                  Future
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                                +-------------------------------------------+------------------------------+
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                             Hardware                                    Software                         User
                                |                                           |                              |
                       The Computing Model                           +------+------+            +----------+----------+
                                |                                    |             |            |          |          | 
        +-----------------------+-------------------+              System     Application    Ethics  Communications  Data  
        |                       |                   |                |             |                       |            
      Input                  Process              Output             |     +-------+-------+         +-----+-----+
        |                       |                   |                |     |       |       |         |           |  
    +---+-----+             +---+----+      +-------+-------+        | Specialized | Educational  Designs   Protocols
    |         |             |        |      |       |       |        |             |                            :
Keyboard     SDE           CPU    Memory   Hard-  Soft-  Storage     |        Productivity                      :
    |         |             |	     |     Copy   Copy      |        |             |                            :
 qwerty       |         +---+---+    |      |       |       |        |   +----+----+----+----+                  :
    |         |        CISC    RISC  |    human  requires   |        |   |    |    |    |    |                  :
 ergonomics   |         |       |    |   usable  computer   |        | data   | graphic |   word           Algorithms
              |        PC     Main-  |                      |        | base   |         |  process              :       
 (Source Data Entry)          frame  |                      |        |        |         |                       :
              |                      |               +------+-----+  |   programming spreadsheet                :
  +------+----+----+-----+       +---+---+         memory       disk |       tools                              :
  |      |         |     |       |       |             :         :   |         |                                :
audio optical  pointing disk    ROM     RAM            :         :   |       +-+--------+--------------+--------+
         |         |     :       |       :             :         :   |       :          |              |         
    +----+---+     |     :     BIOS      :             :         :   |       :   +------+------+       |  
    |        |     |     :.......:.......:.............:.........:   |       :   |             |       |
 scanner   camera  |             :       :.............:             |       : interpreted compiled    |
                   |             :                                   |       :......:                  |
           +-------+-------+  ...:        [*1] [*2]  [*3]    +-------+-------+                   +-----+-----+        
           |       |       |  :            |     |     |     |       |       |                   |           |
      track-ball touch   mice :   format   +-----+-----+  Utilities O/S Programming        sequential    object-oriented
                   |          :      |           |           |       |   languages 
              +----+----+     : Housekeeping   Tasks        [*4]     |  interpreters 
          screen       pad    :      |           |                   |
                              '-Boot | Resources | Files        +----+----+ 
                                 |   |     |     |  |           |         |
                                 +---+-----+-----+--+       functions    type
                                           :....................:         |
                                                                          |
   *1 Timeshare/multitasking                                    +---------+---------+                                       
   *2 Multiprogramming tasks                              Command Line              GUI         
   *3 Multiprocessing tasks                                     |                   |                         
   *4 Backup; compression; defragment; repair; etc.         +---+---+       +-------+-----+ 
                                                            |       |       |       |     |
                                                           DOS    UNIX   Macintosh OS/2 Windows